There are many disagreements between theorists and hypothesis on sources of creativity and innovation in individuals. One of the reasons why there is disagreement is that creativity has complex, abroad, and multifaceted implication field and it has various and many forms.
Main focus of creativity study is that :
1. Characteristics of creative people
2. Developments of creativity in individual during life span
3. Social environment which is most suitable for creativity
Teresa Amabile : Creativity arises from co influence of these 3 components :
Knowledge : all the relevant information an understanding individual in order to bear creativity
Creative thinking :Relates to how people approach to the problems , in specific , thinking and working style
Motivation : the key to creative production , specially intrinsic motivation is helpful such as passion for work , love and interest in own profession and job
Creativity=motivation + creative thinking style + knowledge
Knowledge:2 types of knowledge : depth and breadth
Depth lknowledge : Howard Gardner; long term focus in one specific area makes people available to build technical expertise those are foundation and basic for creativity within a domain , many creative individuals seem to have breakthrough in 10 years intervals.
Breadth Knowledge : creativity rests on ability to combine previously obtained information with desparate elements you’re learning now in a creative and a new ways.in order to obtain breadth knowledge, focus on interdispclinary study, student collaboration on group projects with team members of various interests and backgrounds.
Medici effect : we need balance between depth and breadth knowledge for creativity
Creativity thinking : Howard and Amabile
Creativiy thinking has certain patterns
- Comfort in disagreeing with others and trying solutions that departs from the status quo
- Combining knowledge from previously disparate fields
- Ability to preserve through difficult problems
- Ability to stay away from an effort and return back with a refreshed perspective
Other angles on creativity by Sternberg
Creativity and Intelligence -1 synthetic creativity – the ability to generate novel , high quality and task oriented idea involves insightful thinking.
Selective encoding : relevance and irrelevance
Information classification
Selective combination : combine relevant infos in a new way
Selective comparison : relating new information to old information in a novel way.
Creative Darwinism :
David Campbell 1960- a good or bas ideas appear randomly in career life.
Creativity is random in a whole process
Simonton’s historiometric study- more individual produces more he or she is to stuble upo success
Also the most creative products in one’s life tends to appear in creator’s career when he or she ‘s most prolific overall.
Simonton and Campbell suggest that creativity is probabilistic consequence and random in quantity.
Motivation :Intrinsic : Curiousity, passion and interest in a job
People will be most creative when they feel motivated by the interest , satisfaction in job, challenge of the work itself, not by the external factors , driven motivation by internal factors
Explore itself –various pathways –attentiveness , enjoying process , meaningful goals
Extrinsic :extrinsically motivated people with take the shortest and the most obvious ways to get reward at the finish line
Hinder creativity because of pressure of control by external factors.
-synergistic and non synergistic
-synergistic = informational advantage f extrinsic motivation is that it can help individual sustain energy through the difficult times , necessary to gain skills in a domain
Positive psychology : Howard Gardner
Creative people are positive and convert differences into advantages. They reflect on their goals and analyze their strengths and weaknesses and leverage their abilities to the optimum.
-Creativity as decision : Sternberg
A decision to pursue creative paths
Creative people forge and determine their own paths they’re following
In practice , teach about creativity to students , then students can be self-aware and will try to pursue creative paths, they can pursue creative activities on purpose and control better and direct development are needed for creativity.
Effort and determinism are needed for creativity
Meta cognition of creative process should include -managing one’s emotions
-cognitive resources
-learning one’s weaknesses and strengths
- managing time allocating to creative pursuits
How can we measure and assess creativity ?
Piiorto
Instead of testing creative skills with paper and pencil , the best way to see or check the creativity is to see final products such as student’s portfolio of creative works , developed over time , the course of a school year.
Standart test
Checklist of creativity
Test of divergent thinking
IQ test
High stakes test
These tests are not enough to measure creativity fully…
But these tests have advantage to make teachers and students take education seriously…
Disadvantage of it is
- Can’t measure someone ‘s creativity
- Decreased motivation
- Increased anxiety among students
- Labeling students
Counterargument : Focusing on academic , standard education is factor that
To reduce creativity
Students might become seeker of only good grades
Ingnoring creative activities such as skipping art lecture and goes to physic and math lectures
On the other hand , qualified academic education is a great basic for creativity. We need balance in between 2.
Education and pedagogical techniques which are proven to be promoting innovation and creativity.
Nickerson , Cropley and Piiorto …
Idea getting techs
Brainstorming – Alex Osborn
First , think individually(anonymously write and collect ideas )
Second , all ideas are discussed openly
Brainstorming is free from threat of pressure and criticism .
Divirgent thinking
Cropley : suggests that education program should be tailored to address and individual creative potential , psychological aspects of creativity , thought process , such as divergent thinking , environment and special characteristics of the task and desired solutions. Cropley explains that current educational system is too conventional and it might destroy creative thinking and attitude to novel things when it strongly constraints by displaying novelty and creayive attitude as troublesome suggests only one true answer to various problems. Standard test and classroom teaching methods create pressure on students and doesn’t give time and focus to be creative.
Problem based learning :Could be novel solution to this conventional educational system.it is more often involved in medical study and field research.
Implementation of problem based learning in classroom
Students are given ill defined case with some information
Teachers are observers not interferers to the students’ discussion . create an environment that it’s okey to make mistake
PBL gives positive outcome if learning topic and case is real life problem or near to the practice. It had potential to increase motivation by helping students to feel their learning is more relevant and meaningful to their own life.
Don Treffinger : Creative Problem solving method
1.Deliberate use of process and tools to solve problem
2.Consideration of dynamics in the environment and climate
3.Consideration of personal problem solving style
Method between extreme stardard and extreme personal is to adapt standard tools according to student’s personal skills and thinking / working styles.
Creative Problem solving takes 3 dimensions into account :
1. What’s your orientation to change ? Some people’s skills and personality are more suitable for explorers and some people are suitable for folloewers/developers.
2. How do you process the change? Internal reflexive or external ?
3. How do you make decisions?
Interpersonal harmony or task oriented.
What techniques stimulate innovation and creativity in the work place?
Managers and top managers have a great influence on encouraging /stimulating creativity ,rewarding it and funding it.
Amabile : By focusing on following 6 areas , we can bolster intrinsic motivation and create conducive environment to creativity and innovation in work place.
1. Challenge : Match your employees to the job where challenge/ strength is optimized
They should feel neither so bored with their job and nor threatened by control
2. Freedom : clear specified strategic goal for each department or for employees, enhances creativity. Give employees freedom of working on their own projects for certain portion of time of working time , beside their compulsory works.
3. Resources : Time and Money.
Most People think that under certain circumstances , time limit make pressure on creativity and can enhance it. But study and research shows that under time pressure , it is unlikely to come creativity.
4. Work-group features: When team includes varied people of different perspectives and backgrounds, ideas forming among team and their combining ideas and opinions has interesting ways.
5. Supervisory encouragement : Peopl approach to new ideas with criticism instead of thinking how we can implement it ,they only try to find excuses to avoid it. Encourage people to take mistakes and allow them to make mistakes = then you can see some creativity and innovation in your place
6. Organizational support : Intrinsic motivation is increase when people see that those who’re around them are excited and where there’s information sharing and collaboration.
Approach for managerial skills to enhance creativity :
TOP-DOWN :
Creative system is implemented to leaders and managers – they will teach and spread to employees
BOTTOM –UP : Creativity training is given to employees then it will be transferred to top managers
BRUSH FINE TEAMS : that undertook projects to create products or processes of immediate value.
Other significant factors for creativity :
Information flow is important. Creative and healthy companies have a high volume of diverse information that flows freely through the organization , increasing the likelihood of collision among beliefs , possibilities , and new facts
Building up diverse team is important in case of interacting more productively. Otherwise , too homogeneous group members end up in comfortable core syndrome which people know no longer accept new things outside their own group and no longer difference in ideas and opinions , they grew to be similar over the time.
Disadvantage of diverse team could be that people who have different backgrounds have difficulty to understand to each other.
Value and innovation :
Average and unsuccessful competitors are mostly attempting to beat competition with extra things. New products , new industry , new new new …
But value innovation suggests us to focus on most of costumers’ need instead of dividing them demographically , or separating them into segments.
What contributes to successful business entrepreneurs ?
While entrepreneurs’ background are unexpected and diverse , what unites them is entrepreneurial spirit.
1. Commitment and determination
2. Leadership
3. Opportunity obsession = always in search for new
4. Tolerance of risk
5. Creativity /ability to adapt
6. Motivation to excel
Entrepreneurs also display readiness to act. They turn decisions into actions. They demonstrate preference to learn through trial and experiment.
Self-thought –by learning thing on our own , we have a great chance of approaching them differently.
In terms of teaching and curriculum design of study , many entrepreneurial study programs include innovative methods such as internship, real world projects, case studies , businesss plan and study competitors.
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